Abstract: The discharge of water from oil fields has become one of the most significant environmental concerns associated with the oil sector. This study features a low-density polysulfide polymer prepared by Sulfur and used sunflower oils that react directly. Because both sulfur and cooking oils are hydrophobic, the polymer can easily extract hydrocarbons like crude oil and diesel fuel from saltwater. Sulfur is a petroleum industry by-product, and leftover sunflower oil may be utilized as a raw material. 150 g food-grade used sunflower oil, 150 g sulfur, and 700 g finely powdered sodium chloride were used in an experiment to make polysulfide. The reaction temperature was adjusted to 180°C. The resulting polymer (a soft rubber) is friable; therefore, it was ground down using a mechanical grinder and screened for particles between 0.5 and 3 mm. The polymer was repeatedly rinsed with DI water to eliminate the sodium chloride porogen. The polymer was filtered through a sieve (0.5 mm) and pressed with a piece of flat plastic to remove surplus water after the final wash. The polymer was then dried in a sieve by putting it in a drying oven (UNB400, Germany) for 24 hours at 42 degrees Celsius. The Kinetics of adsorption was examined with pseudo−first order, pseudo−second order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The experimental results show good fitting with the pseudo-second-order model for south oil adsorption on polysulfide polymer. Adsorption of north and south oils onto the prepared polysulfide polymer was done experimentally using batch apparatus with controlled conditions of temperature and stirring. Effects of temperature and initial oil concentration for the adsorption process were examined for the ranges (20−40) ◦C and (10−90) (g/l), respectively. The experimental data follows the Freundlich isotherm model with a coefficient of variance (R2) equal, according to the study of adsorption equilibrium isotherms (0.99). According to the findings of the study, the greatest g/l of south oil removal equals 93 percent at the lowest temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: The discharge of water from oil fields has become one of the most significant environmental concerns associated with the oil sector. This study features a low-density polysulfide polymer prepared by Sulfur and used sunflower oils that react directly. Because both sulfur and cooking oils are hydrophobic, the polymer can easily extract hydrocarbons like crude oil and diesel fuel from saltwater. Sulfur is a petroleum industry by-product, and leftover sunflower oil may be utilized as a raw material. 150 g food-grade used sunflower oil, 150 g sulfur, and 700 g finely powdered sodium chloride were used in an experiment to make polysulfide. The reaction temperature was adjusted to 180°C. The resulting polymer (a soft rubber) is friable; therefore, it was ground down using a mechanical grinder and screened for particles between 0.5 and 3 mm. The polymer was repeatedly rinsed with DI water to eliminate the sodium chloride porogen. The polymer was filtered through a sieve (0.5 mm) and pressed with a piece of flat plastic to remove surplus water after the final wash. The polymer was then dried in a sieve by putting it in a drying oven (UNB400, Germany) for 24 hours at 42 degrees Celsius. The Kinetics of adsorption was examined with pseudo−first order, pseudo−second order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The experimental results show good fitting with the pseudo-second-order model for south oil adsorption on polysulfide polymer. Adsorption of north and south oils onto the prepared polysulfide polymer was done experimentally using batch apparatus with controlled conditions of temperature and stirring. Effects of temperature and initial oil concentration for the adsorption process were examined for the ranges (20−40) ◦C and (10−90) (g/l), respectively. The experimental data follows the Freundlich isotherm model with a coefficient of variance (R2) equal, according to the study of adsorption equilibrium isotherms (0.99). According to the findings of the study, the greatest g/l of south oil removal equals 93 percent at the lowest temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: The discharge of water from oil fields has become one of the most significant environmental concerns associated with the oil sector. This study features a low-density polysulfide polymer prepared by Sulfur and used sunflower oils that react directly. Because both sulfur and cooking oils are hydrophobic, the polymer can easily extract hydrocarbons like crude oil and diesel fuel from saltwater. Sulfur is a petroleum industry by-product, and leftover sunflower oil may be utilized as a raw material. 150 g food-grade used sunflower oil, 150 g sulfur, and 700 g finely powdered sodium chloride were used in an experiment to make polysulfide. The reaction temperature was adjusted to 180°C. The resulting polymer (a soft rubber) is friable; therefore, it was ground down using a mechanical grinder and screened for particles between 0.5 and 3 mm. The polymer was repeatedly rinsed with DI water to eliminate the sodium chloride porogen. The polymer was filtered through a sieve (0.5 mm) and pressed with a piece of flat plastic to remove surplus water after the final wash. The polymer was then dried in a sieve by putting it in a drying oven (UNB400, Germany) for 24 hours at 42 degrees Celsius. The Kinetics of adsorption was examined with pseudo−first order, pseudo−second order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The experimental results show good fitting with the pseudo-second-order model for south oil adsorption on polysulfide polymer. Adsorption of north and south oils onto the prepared polysulfide polymer was done experimentally using batch apparatus with controlled conditions of temperature and stirring. Effects of temperature and initial oil concentration for the adsorption process were examined for the ranges (20−40) ◦C and (10−90) (g/l), respectively. The experimental data follows the Freundlich isotherm model with a coefficient of variance (R2) equal, according to the study of adsorption equilibrium isotherms (0.99). According to the findings of the study, the greatest g/l of south oil removal equals 93 percent at the lowest temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: The discharge of water from oil fields has become one of the most significant environmental concerns associated with the oil sector. This study features a low-density polysulfide polymer prepared by Sulfur and used sunflower oils that react directly. Because both sulfur and cooking oils are hydrophobic, the polymer can easily extract hydrocarbons like crude oil and diesel fuel from saltwater. Sulfur is a petroleum industry by-product, and leftover sunflower oil may be utilized as a raw material. 150 g food-grade used sunflower oil, 150 g sulfur, and 700 g finely powdered sodium chloride were used in an experiment to make polysulfide. The reaction temperature was adjusted to 180°C. The resulting polymer (a soft rubber) is friable; therefore, it was ground down using a mechanical grinder and screened for particles between 0.5 and 3 mm. The polymer was repeatedly rinsed with DI water to eliminate the sodium chloride porogen. The polymer was filtered through a sieve (0.5 mm) and pressed with a piece of flat plastic to remove surplus water after the final wash. The polymer was then dried in a sieve by putting it in a drying oven (UNB400, Germany) for 24 hours at 42 degrees Celsius. The Kinetics of adsorption was examined with pseudo−first order, pseudo−second order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The experimental results show good fitting with the pseudo-second-order model for south oil adsorption on polysulfide polymer. Adsorption of north and south oils onto the prepared polysulfide polymer was done experimentally using batch apparatus with controlled conditions of temperature and stirring. Effects of temperature and initial oil concentration for the adsorption process were examined for the ranges (20−40) ◦C and (10−90) (g/l), respectively. The experimental data follows the Freundlich isotherm model with a coefficient of variance (R2) equal, according to the study of adsorption equilibrium isotherms (0.99). According to the findings of the study, the greatest g/l of south oil removal equals 93 percent at the lowest temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: In this paper, a third-order shear deformation rectangular nanoplate with simply supported boundary conditions is developed for bending, buckling, and vibration analysis. In order to consider the small-scale effects, the modified couple stress theory, with one length scale parameter, is used. The bending rates and dimensionless bending values under uniform surface traction and sinusoidal load, the dimensionless critical force under a uniaxial surface force in the x direction and dimensionless frequencies are all obtained for various plate's dimensional ratios and material length scale to thickness ratios. The governing equations are numerically solved. The effect of material length scale, length, width, and thickness of the nanoplate on the bending, buckling, and vibration ratios are investigated and the results are presented and discussed in detail.

Abstract: In this paper, a third-order shear deformation rectangular nanoplate with simply supported boundary conditions is developed for bending, buckling, and vibration analysis. In order to consider the small-scale effects, the modified couple stress theory, with one length scale parameter, is used. The bending rates and dimensionless bending values under uniform surface traction and sinusoidal load, the dimensionless critical force under a uniaxial surface force in the x direction and dimensionless frequencies are all obtained for various plate's dimensional ratios and material length scale to thickness ratios. The governing equations are numerically solved. The effect of material length scale, length, width, and thickness of the nanoplate on the bending, buckling, and vibration ratios are investigated and the results are presented and discussed in detail.

Abstract: In this paper, a third-order shear deformation rectangular nanoplate with simply supported boundary conditions is developed for bending, buckling, and vibration analysis. In order to consider the small-scale effects, the modified couple stress theory, with one length scale parameter, is used. The bending rates and dimensionless bending values under uniform surface traction and sinusoidal load, the dimensionless critical force under a uniaxial surface force in the x direction and dimensionless frequencies are all obtained for various plate's dimensional ratios and material length scale to thickness ratios. The governing equations are numerically solved. The effect of material length scale, length, width, and thickness of the nanoplate on the bending, buckling, and vibration ratios are investigated and the results are presented and discussed in detail.

Abstract: In this paper, a third-order shear deformation rectangular nanoplate with simply supported boundary conditions is developed for bending, buckling, and vibration analysis. In order to consider the small-scale effects, the modified couple stress theory, with one length scale parameter, is used. The bending rates and dimensionless bending values under uniform surface traction and sinusoidal load, the dimensionless critical force under a uniaxial surface force in the x direction and dimensionless frequencies are all obtained for various plate's dimensional ratios and material length scale to thickness ratios. The governing equations are numerically solved. The effect of material length scale, length, width, and thickness of the nanoplate on the bending, buckling, and vibration ratios are investigated and the results are presented and discussed in detail.

Abstract: Buildings are the major energy users and by 2035, they will be the fourth largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. Phase change materials (PCMs) are applied to shift the peak load to the off-peak load, positively affecting the efficiency of the building. In this paper, an experimental embedding of PCM (Paraffin) with bricks in conventional wall layers is carried out. The effect of this on the thermal diffusion of the inner surface of the wall is studied. Capsules are manufactured to fit the size of the holes inside the bricks and they are filled with Paraffin (147 kJ/kg latent heat, 38oC solidified and 43oC liquidized) and closed in a way that prevents leakage. Each brick contained two rows of holes (5 holes per row). Capsules are placed in the holes at a rate of 5 capsules per brick and 10 capsules per brick. Three wall samples are experimentally tested: a traditional wall, a wall containing 5 capsules/brick, and a wall containing 10 capsules/brick. The indoor test with light intensity has been fixed on 900 W/m2 during the heating period for 4 hours and the remaining period of cooling. The temperature was measured and recorded for the internal, and external surfaces, and the middle of the wall using K-type thermocouples and a datalogger. The results indicated that, a brick wall with 10 PCM- capsules per brick reduced the heat flux by 34.17% compared with the traditional wall sample, and energy was stored 50% more than a wall with 5 PCM capsules per brick. The lowest temperature of the internal wall surface of sample 10 capsules per brick is recorded compared to the reference wall where the difference is more than 3°C.

Abstract: Buildings are the major energy users and by 2035, they will be the fourth largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. Phase change materials (PCMs) are applied to shift the peak load to the off-peak load, positively affecting the efficiency of the building. In this paper, an experimental embedding of PCM (Paraffin) with bricks in conventional wall layers is carried out. The effect of this on the thermal diffusion of the inner surface of the wall is studied. Capsules are manufactured to fit the size of the holes inside the bricks and they are filled with Paraffin (147 kJ/kg latent heat, 38oC solidified and 43oC liquidized) and closed in a way that prevents leakage. Each brick contained two rows of holes (5 holes per row). Capsules are placed in the holes at a rate of 5 capsules per brick and 10 capsules per brick. Three wall samples are experimentally tested: a traditional wall, a wall containing 5 capsules/brick, and a wall containing 10 capsules/brick. The indoor test with light intensity has been fixed on 900 W/m2 during the heating period for 4 hours and the remaining period of cooling. The temperature was measured and recorded for the internal, and external surfaces, and the middle of the wall using K-type thermocouples and a datalogger. The results indicated that, a brick wall with 10 PCM- capsules per brick reduced the heat flux by 34.17% compared with the traditional wall sample, and energy was stored 50% more than a wall with 5 PCM capsules per brick. The lowest temperature of the internal wall surface of sample 10 capsules per brick is recorded compared to the reference wall where the difference is more than 3°C.

Abstract: Buildings are the major energy users and by 2035, they will be the fourth largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. Phase change materials (PCMs) are applied to shift the peak load to the off-peak load, positively affecting the efficiency of the building. In this paper, an experimental embedding of PCM (Paraffin) with bricks in conventional wall layers is carried out. The effect of this on the thermal diffusion of the inner surface of the wall is studied. Capsules are manufactured to fit the size of the holes inside the bricks and they are filled with Paraffin (147 kJ/kg latent heat, 38oC solidified and 43oC liquidized) and closed in a way that prevents leakage. Each brick contained two rows of holes (5 holes per row). Capsules are placed in the holes at a rate of 5 capsules per brick and 10 capsules per brick. Three wall samples are experimentally tested: a traditional wall, a wall containing 5 capsules/brick, and a wall containing 10 capsules/brick. The indoor test with light intensity has been fixed on 900 W/m2 during the heating period for 4 hours and the remaining period of cooling. The temperature was measured and recorded for the internal, and external surfaces, and the middle of the wall using K-type thermocouples and a datalogger. The results indicated that, a brick wall with 10 PCM- capsules per brick reduced the heat flux by 34.17% compared with the traditional wall sample, and energy was stored 50% more than a wall with 5 PCM capsules per brick. The lowest temperature of the internal wall surface of sample 10 capsules per brick is recorded compared to the reference wall where the difference is more than 3°C.

Abstract: Buildings are the major energy users and by 2035, they will be the fourth largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. Phase change materials (PCMs) are applied to shift the peak load to the off-peak load, positively affecting the efficiency of the building. In this paper, an experimental embedding of PCM (Paraffin) with bricks in conventional wall layers is carried out. The effect of this on the thermal diffusion of the inner surface of the wall is studied. Capsules are manufactured to fit the size of the holes inside the bricks and they are filled with Paraffin (147 kJ/kg latent heat, 38oC solidified and 43oC liquidized) and closed in a way that prevents leakage. Each brick contained two rows of holes (5 holes per row). Capsules are placed in the holes at a rate of 5 capsules per brick and 10 capsules per brick. Three wall samples are experimentally tested: a traditional wall, a wall containing 5 capsules/brick, and a wall containing 10 capsules/brick. The indoor test with light intensity has been fixed on 900 W/m2 during the heating period for 4 hours and the remaining period of cooling. The temperature was measured and recorded for the internal, and external surfaces, and the middle of the wall using K-type thermocouples and a datalogger. The results indicated that, a brick wall with 10 PCM- capsules per brick reduced the heat flux by 34.17% compared with the traditional wall sample, and energy was stored 50% more than a wall with 5 PCM capsules per brick. The lowest temperature of the internal wall surface of sample 10 capsules per brick is recorded compared to the reference wall where the difference is more than 3°C.

Abstract: The gas turbine blade stator is subjected to a severe high temperature of hot incoming gases from the combustor. In order to avoid the melting of the stator, film and internal cooling techniques are applied by using a bypass stream of air from the compressor as a coolant fluid. These techniques have their own merits, but it is limited by some constraints like the value of specific heat of air. In this paper different gases with higher specific heat are used as a coolant in order to increase the thermal capacity of coolant fluid which in turn increases the amount of transferred heat. The selected gases are Helium, Steam, and Ammonia are applied in COMSOL Multiphysics® in order to simulate the cooling process and the temperature distribution. At first, the air is applied and the results show a good agreement with previous literature and then the other coolants to compare their results with the air. The results show that the Helium affects the cooling process strongly and it cools the blade to safer limits rather than air by about 50%, but it increases von Mises stress by about 71% in comparison with air. The two other coolants also have a good and effective cooling performance, but they almost show an identical performance.

Abstract: The gas turbine blade stator is subjected to a severe high temperature of hot incoming gases from the combustor. In order to avoid the melting of the stator, film and internal cooling techniques are applied by using a bypass stream of air from the compressor as a coolant fluid. These techniques have their own merits, but it is limited by some constraints like the value of specific heat of air. In this paper different gases with higher specific heat are used as a coolant in order to increase the thermal capacity of coolant fluid which in turn increases the amount of transferred heat. The selected gases are Helium, Steam, and Ammonia are applied in COMSOL Multiphysics® in order to simulate the cooling process and the temperature distribution. At first, the air is applied and the results show a good agreement with previous literature and then the other coolants to compare their results with the air. The results show that the Helium affects the cooling process strongly and it cools the blade to safer limits rather than air by about 50%, but it increases von Mises stress by about 71% in comparison with air. The two other coolants also have a good and effective cooling performance, but they almost show an identical performance.

Abstract: The gas turbine blade stator is subjected to a severe high temperature of hot incoming gases from the combustor. In order to avoid the melting of the stator, film and internal cooling techniques are applied by using a bypass stream of air from the compressor as a coolant fluid. These techniques have their own merits, but it is limited by some constraints like the value of specific heat of air. In this paper different gases with higher specific heat are used as a coolant in order to increase the thermal capacity of coolant fluid which in turn increases the amount of transferred heat. The selected gases are Helium, Steam, and Ammonia are applied in COMSOL Multiphysics® in order to simulate the cooling process and the temperature distribution. At first, the air is applied and the results show a good agreement with previous literature and then the other coolants to compare their results with the air. The results show that the Helium affects the cooling process strongly and it cools the blade to safer limits rather than air by about 50%, but it increases von Mises stress by about 71% in comparison with air. The two other coolants also have a good and effective cooling performance, but they almost show an identical performance.

Abstract: The gas turbine blade stator is subjected to a severe high temperature of hot incoming gases from the combustor. In order to avoid the melting of the stator, film and internal cooling techniques are applied by using a bypass stream of air from the compressor as a coolant fluid. These techniques have their own merits, but it is limited by some constraints like the value of specific heat of air. In this paper different gases with higher specific heat are used as a coolant in order to increase the thermal capacity of coolant fluid which in turn increases the amount of transferred heat. The selected gases are Helium, Steam, and Ammonia are applied in COMSOL Multiphysics® in order to simulate the cooling process and the temperature distribution. At first, the air is applied and the results show a good agreement with previous literature and then the other coolants to compare their results with the air. The results show that the Helium affects the cooling process strongly and it cools the blade to safer limits rather than air by about 50%, but it increases von Mises stress by about 71% in comparison with air. The two other coolants also have a good and effective cooling performance, but they almost show an identical performance.

Abstract: The effect of alkaline leaching on the recovery of silicon elements from the Iraqi Bauxite Ore. was examined NaOH concentration, particle size, and stirring speed using the program MINITAB 16. NaOH concentration (X1) (1,2, and 4M), particle size (X2) (53,75, and 150µm), and stirring speed (X3) (250,500, and 750 rpm). The best recovery percentage was found to be (94.1097) when the variables were (X2= 53µM), (X1 = 4M), and (X3=750 rpm). The NaOH concentration (X1), particle size (X2), and stirring speed (X3) have a substantial influence on the process of recovery. However, NaOH concentration (X1) and particle size (X2) have a significant effect compared with the stirring speed (X3) on the recovery process.

Abstract: The effect of alkaline leaching on the recovery of silicon elements from the Iraqi Bauxite Ore. was examined NaOH concentration, particle size, and stirring speed using the program MINITAB 16. NaOH concentration (X1) (1,2, and 4M), particle size (X2) (53,75, and 150µm), and stirring speed (X3) (250,500, and 750 rpm). The best recovery percentage was found to be (94.1097) when the variables were (X2= 53µM), (X1 = 4M), and (X3=750 rpm). The NaOH concentration (X1), particle size (X2), and stirring speed (X3) have a substantial influence on the process of recovery. However, NaOH concentration (X1) and particle size (X2) have a significant effect compared with the stirring speed (X3) on the recovery process.

Abstract: The effect of alkaline leaching on the recovery of silicon elements from the Iraqi Bauxite Ore. was examined NaOH concentration, particle size, and stirring speed using the program MINITAB 16. NaOH concentration (X1) (1,2, and 4M), particle size (X2) (53,75, and 150µm), and stirring speed (X3) (250,500, and 750 rpm). The best recovery percentage was found to be (94.1097) when the variables were (X2= 53µM), (X1 = 4M), and (X3=750 rpm). The NaOH concentration (X1), particle size (X2), and stirring speed (X3) have a substantial influence on the process of recovery. However, NaOH concentration (X1) and particle size (X2) have a significant effect compared with the stirring speed (X3) on the recovery process.

Abstract: The effect of alkaline leaching on the recovery of silicon elements from the Iraqi Bauxite Ore. was examined NaOH concentration, particle size, and stirring speed using the program MINITAB 16. NaOH concentration (X1) (1,2, and 4M), particle size (X2) (53,75, and 150µm), and stirring speed (X3) (250,500, and 750 rpm). The best recovery percentage was found to be (94.1097) when the variables were (X2= 53µM), (X1 = 4M), and (X3=750 rpm). The NaOH concentration (X1), particle size (X2), and stirring speed (X3) have a substantial influence on the process of recovery. However, NaOH concentration (X1) and particle size (X2) have a significant effect compared with the stirring speed (X3) on the recovery process.

Abstract: Increasing awareness of the need to take care of the planet and reduce the negative effects of human impact on the environment at the level of all aspects of life, including architecture has become essential. The invisible architecture and in accordance with the environmental tendencies appeared as one of the contemporary trends to be that formation that achieves a blend with the environment surrounding and based on techniques that reduce its appearance to emphasize the importance of the external environment and trying to return to nature and increase green spaces in a manner that reduces pollution to the minimum level. Therefore, this architecture is part of the site and not just an added part to it, as well as its quest to increase operational efficiency and to reduce its negative impact on the environment in addition to improving the built environment that enhances health and well-being of the user. Many previous international studies highlighted various aspects of invisible architecture and the techniques and technologies for achieving them, noticing the limitation of Arabic and local studies that dealt with this topic. This research aims to provide clear and comprehensive knowledge of the techniques of achieving invisible architecture in its environmental perspective with its multiple formations, which can be adopted effectively by the designer in general, and in a manner, that serves the reality of the Arab and local experience. And in line with the local natural and urban environment to keep pace with contemporary global trends.

Abstract: Increasing awareness of the need to take care of the planet and reduce the negative effects of human impact on the environment at the level of all aspects of life, including architecture has become essential. The invisible architecture and in accordance with the environmental tendencies appeared as one of the contemporary trends to be that formation that achieves a blend with the environment surrounding and based on techniques that reduce its appearance to emphasize the importance of the external environment and trying to return to nature and increase green spaces in a manner that reduces pollution to the minimum level. Therefore, this architecture is part of the site and not just an added part to it, as well as its quest to increase operational efficiency and to reduce its negative impact on the environment in addition to improving the built environment that enhances health and well-being of the user. Many previous international studies highlighted various aspects of invisible architecture and the techniques and technologies for achieving them, noticing the limitation of Arabic and local studies that dealt with this topic. This research aims to provide clear and comprehensive knowledge of the techniques of achieving invisible architecture in its environmental perspective with its multiple formations, which can be adopted effectively by the designer in general, and in a manner, that serves the reality of the Arab and local experience. And in line with the local natural and urban environment to keep pace with contemporary global trends.

Abstract: Increasing awareness of the need to take care of the planet and reduce the negative effects of human impact on the environment at the level of all aspects of life, including architecture has become essential. The invisible architecture and in accordance with the environmental tendencies appeared as one of the contemporary trends to be that formation that achieves a blend with the environment surrounding and based on techniques that reduce its appearance to emphasize the importance of the external environment and trying to return to nature and increase green spaces in a manner that reduces pollution to the minimum level. Therefore, this architecture is part of the site and not just an added part to it, as well as its quest to increase operational efficiency and to reduce its negative impact on the environment in addition to improving the built environment that enhances health and well-being of the user. Many previous international studies highlighted various aspects of invisible architecture and the techniques and technologies for achieving them, noticing the limitation of Arabic and local studies that dealt with this topic. This research aims to provide clear and comprehensive knowledge of the techniques of achieving invisible architecture in its environmental perspective with its multiple formations, which can be adopted effectively by the designer in general, and in a manner, that serves the reality of the Arab and local experience. And in line with the local natural and urban environment to keep pace with contemporary global trends.

Abstract: Increasing awareness of the need to take care of the planet and reduce the negative effects of human impact on the environment at the level of all aspects of life, including architecture has become essential. The invisible architecture and in accordance with the environmental tendencies appeared as one of the contemporary trends to be that formation that achieves a blend with the environment surrounding and based on techniques that reduce its appearance to emphasize the importance of the external environment and trying to return to nature and increase green spaces in a manner that reduces pollution to the minimum level. Therefore, this architecture is part of the site and not just an added part to it, as well as its quest to increase operational efficiency and to reduce its negative impact on the environment in addition to improving the built environment that enhances health and well-being of the user. Many previous international studies highlighted various aspects of invisible architecture and the techniques and technologies for achieving them, noticing the limitation of Arabic and local studies that dealt with this topic. This research aims to provide clear and comprehensive knowledge of the techniques of achieving invisible architecture in its environmental perspective with its multiple formations, which can be adopted effectively by the designer in general, and in a manner, that serves the reality of the Arab and local experience. And in line with the local natural and urban environment to keep pace with contemporary global trends.

Abstract: Global demand growth has driven the development of more inventive methods for enhancing oil well drilling at lower prices and avoiding operational issues that slow down oil well drilling. The present research is significant because the lifting capacity may be increased by inserting polymer beads into drilling mud instead of high-cost additives. The numerical cuttings trajectory simulation was performed using the commercial ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R3 software to account for the influence of cuttings collisions. To test the cuts transport behavior owing to the presence of liquid and solid phases, the (Eulerian-Eulerian) model was utilized. The mind transfer rate is determined in this simulation by varying the operating parameters (drilling mud flow rate and temperature, cuttings size and inclination, drill pipe rotation and eccentricity) with and without polyethylene (PE) beads. The result show that the average error ratio between the results of the numerical simulation is 5 % with the experimental results of researcher Ismail. The higher the percentage of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid, the lower the concentration of the cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model. The concentration of cuttings within the annular space reaches 28 % when drilling fluid flows at a speed of 1.2 m/s without adding polyethylene PE beads. While it decreases to (17, 21, 24) % when adding beads by (6, 4, 2) %, respectively, at the same flow velocity of drilling fluid. The decrease in the concentration of cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 14 % when PE beads are inserting with drilling fluid by 6 % and the drill pipe rotation speed is 0 rpm, While the percentage increases to 65 % when the drill pipe rotation speed is increased to 120 rpm at the same ratio of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid. The reduction percentage of the cuttings concentration within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 30 % when 6 % of PE beads are entered into the drilling fluid at a temperature of 20 ℃, while the percentage is reduced to 14 % when the drilling fluid temperature is 50 ℃ at the same percentage of PE beads is inserting. The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with the drilling fluid has increased the ability of the drilling fluid to move the cuttings, but it is affected by the amount of drilling angle, as we found that the effect of the polyethylene (PE) beads is effective and clear when the drilling angle is 0˚ (vertical). While its effect becomes less at the drilling angle of directional wells and becomes very weak at the drilling angle of 90˚ (horizontal).The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with drilling fluid has a good and positive effect with large-sized cuttings when compared with the impact of the beads with smaller-sized cuttings.

Abstract: Global demand growth has driven the development of more inventive methods for enhancing oil well drilling at lower prices and avoiding operational issues that slow down oil well drilling. The present research is significant because the lifting capacity may be increased by inserting polymer beads into drilling mud instead of high-cost additives. The numerical cuttings trajectory simulation was performed using the commercial ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R3 software to account for the influence of cuttings collisions. To test the cuts transport behavior owing to the presence of liquid and solid phases, the (Eulerian-Eulerian) model was utilized. The mind transfer rate is determined in this simulation by varying the operating parameters (drilling mud flow rate and temperature, cuttings size and inclination, drill pipe rotation and eccentricity) with and without polyethylene (PE) beads. The result show that the average error ratio between the results of the numerical simulation is 5 % with the experimental results of researcher Ismail. The higher the percentage of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid, the lower the concentration of the cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model. The concentration of cuttings within the annular space reaches 28 % when drilling fluid flows at a speed of 1.2 m/s without adding polyethylene PE beads. While it decreases to (17, 21, 24) % when adding beads by (6, 4, 2) %, respectively, at the same flow velocity of drilling fluid. The decrease in the concentration of cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 14 % when PE beads are inserting with drilling fluid by 6 % and the drill pipe rotation speed is 0 rpm, While the percentage increases to 65 % when the drill pipe rotation speed is increased to 120 rpm at the same ratio of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid. The reduction percentage of the cuttings concentration within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 30 % when 6 % of PE beads are entered into the drilling fluid at a temperature of 20 ℃, while the percentage is reduced to 14 % when the drilling fluid temperature is 50 ℃ at the same percentage of PE beads is inserting. The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with the drilling fluid has increased the ability of the drilling fluid to move the cuttings, but it is affected by the amount of drilling angle, as we found that the effect of the polyethylene (PE) beads is effective and clear when the drilling angle is 0˚ (vertical). While its effect becomes less at the drilling angle of directional wells and becomes very weak at the drilling angle of 90˚ (horizontal).The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with drilling fluid has a good and positive effect with large-sized cuttings when compared with the impact of the beads with smaller-sized cuttings.

Abstract: Global demand growth has driven the development of more inventive methods for enhancing oil well drilling at lower prices and avoiding operational issues that slow down oil well drilling. The present research is significant because the lifting capacity may be increased by inserting polymer beads into drilling mud instead of high-cost additives. The numerical cuttings trajectory simulation was performed using the commercial ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R3 software to account for the influence of cuttings collisions. To test the cuts transport behavior owing to the presence of liquid and solid phases, the (Eulerian-Eulerian) model was utilized. The mind transfer rate is determined in this simulation by varying the operating parameters (drilling mud flow rate and temperature, cuttings size and inclination, drill pipe rotation and eccentricity) with and without polyethylene (PE) beads. The result show that the average error ratio between the results of the numerical simulation is 5 % with the experimental results of researcher Ismail. The higher the percentage of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid, the lower the concentration of the cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model. The concentration of cuttings within the annular space reaches 28 % when drilling fluid flows at a speed of 1.2 m/s without adding polyethylene PE beads. While it decreases to (17, 21, 24) % when adding beads by (6, 4, 2) %, respectively, at the same flow velocity of drilling fluid. The decrease in the concentration of cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 14 % when PE beads are inserting with drilling fluid by 6 % and the drill pipe rotation speed is 0 rpm, While the percentage increases to 65 % when the drill pipe rotation speed is increased to 120 rpm at the same ratio of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid. The reduction percentage of the cuttings concentration within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 30 % when 6 % of PE beads are entered into the drilling fluid at a temperature of 20 ℃, while the percentage is reduced to 14 % when the drilling fluid temperature is 50 ℃ at the same percentage of PE beads is inserting. The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with the drilling fluid has increased the ability of the drilling fluid to move the cuttings, but it is affected by the amount of drilling angle, as we found that the effect of the polyethylene (PE) beads is effective and clear when the drilling angle is 0˚ (vertical). While its effect becomes less at the drilling angle of directional wells and becomes very weak at the drilling angle of 90˚ (horizontal).The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with drilling fluid has a good and positive effect with large-sized cuttings when compared with the impact of the beads with smaller-sized cuttings.

Abstract: Global demand growth has driven the development of more inventive methods for enhancing oil well drilling at lower prices and avoiding operational issues that slow down oil well drilling. The present research is significant because the lifting capacity may be increased by inserting polymer beads into drilling mud instead of high-cost additives. The numerical cuttings trajectory simulation was performed using the commercial ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R3 software to account for the influence of cuttings collisions. To test the cuts transport behavior owing to the presence of liquid and solid phases, the (Eulerian-Eulerian) model was utilized. The mind transfer rate is determined in this simulation by varying the operating parameters (drilling mud flow rate and temperature, cuttings size and inclination, drill pipe rotation and eccentricity) with and without polyethylene (PE) beads. The result show that the average error ratio between the results of the numerical simulation is 5 % with the experimental results of researcher Ismail. The higher the percentage of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid, the lower the concentration of the cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model. The concentration of cuttings within the annular space reaches 28 % when drilling fluid flows at a speed of 1.2 m/s without adding polyethylene PE beads. While it decreases to (17, 21, 24) % when adding beads by (6, 4, 2) %, respectively, at the same flow velocity of drilling fluid. The decrease in the concentration of cuttings within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 14 % when PE beads are inserting with drilling fluid by 6 % and the drill pipe rotation speed is 0 rpm, While the percentage increases to 65 % when the drill pipe rotation speed is increased to 120 rpm at the same ratio of PE beads entering with the drilling fluid. The reduction percentage of the cuttings concentration within the annular space of the simulation model reaches 30 % when 6 % of PE beads are entered into the drilling fluid at a temperature of 20 ℃, while the percentage is reduced to 14 % when the drilling fluid temperature is 50 ℃ at the same percentage of PE beads is inserting. The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with the drilling fluid has increased the ability of the drilling fluid to move the cuttings, but it is affected by the amount of drilling angle, as we found that the effect of the polyethylene (PE) beads is effective and clear when the drilling angle is 0˚ (vertical). While its effect becomes less at the drilling angle of directional wells and becomes very weak at the drilling angle of 90˚ (horizontal).The inserting of polyethylene (PE) beads with drilling fluid has a good and positive effect with large-sized cuttings when compared with the impact of the beads with smaller-sized cuttings.